House of Obedience

The Bait-al-taa or House of Obedience is a provision in Islam law which gives husbands the right to demand obedience from their wives. If a woman leaves her husband’s home without his permission he has the right to force her to come back. The husband can claim â€Å"nushaz† or disobedience and order her to come back with a qadi (judgement. ) Once the woman returns she stays either at her husband’s home or in another living area (House of Obedience) which provides the woman with essential necessities. Divorce is not allowed unless the husband decides that is what he wants. In her short story â€Å"House of Obedience† Ihsan Assal rejects the idea of Bait-al-taa for it only hinders the progression of women in Islam. The short story â€Å"House of Obedience† by Assal follows the life of a young Egyptian girl named Nabila. Nabila is married off to a man at the age of fifteen and is very unhappy, she therefore runs away only to find herself living in the House of Obedience. The story opens in a court room where Nabila’s father gets exonerated for marrying Nabila off at such a young age. Nabila returns home to her parents but soon after learns that her court case has been reopened by her husband. She is taken away by a police officer, a soldier and a woman and is brought to the House of Obedience where her husband awaits her. The House of Obedience had a â€Å"sofa that was more like a swing. On either side was a cane chair, and in front was a small table† 12 other furnitures included â€Å"a wooden bed, large cupboard, a clothes peg. †13 Nabila is upset and saddened right away and cannot believe that she is being forced to live in the legal house. Her husband, Adil tries to reaquaint himself with Nabila but Nabila does not stand for it. She tells him that she will never like him and pushes away his advances. She refuses to eat the food he gives her and ignores him to the best of her abilities, â€Å"You think that the obedience verdict means that I have to give myself to you against my will? Adil, whatever you do I shall never in my whole life be yours. †14 Although Nabila gets visits from her parents and shares the misery and difficulties of living in a house of obedience with her mom she feels alone and trapped. One day, when the door was unlocked Nabila runs away from the House of Obedience and returns to her parents’s home. This attempt however, as well as her second attempt are not successful. Her husband comes with police to look for Nabila and makes her return to the House of Obedience. After carefully analyzing her options Nabila goes to her husband and asks for nushuz. This would certify Nabila as being disobedient and would relinquish her rights to divorce and alimony, the only right she would have left would be to leave the house of obedience. Although these are rather harsh conditions Nabila agrees to them for she is miserable living under the House of Obedience. Happy with the prospects of freedom, Nabila goes on about her day, this happiness however quickly fades. Adil returns to the legal house with papers that registered Nabila’s nushuz for the rest of her life and gave Adil the right to impose obedience whenever he felt like it. In other words, Adil could have Nabila return to the House of Obedience whenever he pleased. Nabila becomes angry and runs away to her parents’s home. Adil follows her and grants her a divorce for he realizes that no matter how hard he tries no House of Obedience will make Nabila love him. In the end, Adil and Nabila divorce one another, leaving Nabila to question her true feelings for Adil- did her anger towards the House of Obedience block her judgement and view of how Adil truly felt for her? Regardless, Nabila moves on with her life. This story captures the determination and strong will of a young female. It is only because of her wits she is able to leave the House of Obedience. This story shows us the difficulties living under the House of Obedience. You have no say in practically anything, you are a prisoner. Nabila is a rare case for not many women are allowed to escape the House of Obedience, she used her smarts to get out of a dead end and excruciating life that the law made possible. This story also shows us how the House of Obedience essentially served as a blockage to a marriage that might have worked out. If Nabila was not forced to stay in the House of Obedience and was allowed to stay at her parents’s house, she might have come to realize that Adil did infact love her. Instead she focused all of her time and energy on her hatred towards the House of Obedience, she didn’t have time to realize how Adil truly felt, â€Å" I started to cry when I heard the vow of divorce as though a dagger was plunged into my heart†¦. I felt some regret, for I had discovered suddenly that he really loved me. †15 The origin of Bait-al-taa can be attributed to the traditions of Muslim family structures. Women had to stay home, bear and raise children, and listen to their husbands in exchange for financial support. If she was to ever leave without her husband’s consent then the husband has every right to demand her to comeback home. When she does return it is advised that people and neighbors are near, this way they could hear the women scream and be witnesses to her treatment. This shows that many women faced the potential of being beaten by their husbands. For the most part, Bait-al-taa is used by husbands to avoid paying alimony upon divorce, if a woman refuses to go to the House of Obedience, she forfeits her right to alimony. 16 Bait-al-taa is used as another tactic by men to enforce their authority and control over women. Under Bait-al-taa women have no say at all, if they leave the house of obedience they are forced to return and if they refuse to go they give up their alimony, which many women need to support themselves financially. Women also cannot get a divorce until they can legally prove that their marriage can no longer be continued in a healthy manner. All of these restrictions and burden of proof are placed on women. In the 1920s the Egyptian Feminist Union fought long and hard to try to outlaw Bait-al-taa but they were not successful. The Egyptian Feminist Union tried to show the government that women deserved the right to ask for a judicial divorce, many other Egyptian groups also tried to abolish bait-al-taa but they too were unsuccessful. It wasn’t until February 1967 that an amendment to the Bait-al-taa was passed that outlawed the usage of police officers to force a woman back to her home17 and later in the year it was completely ended. 18 Unhappy marriages are the cause of women running away and age plays an important role in this decision. As time passes our ideas and perspectives begin to change. In the beginning of Islam girls were being married off at the age of 8, this practice was understood and accepted. However, with time people started to disagree, this was especially true in Egypt in the early and mid 1900s when bait-al-taa was being widely practiced and Egyptian Feminist were beginning to emerge. Age correlates with maturity and therefore, the Egyptian Feminist Union rallied and petitioned the government to set an age limit on marriage. After some deliberation the Parliament agreed and declared the minimum age for females to get married was sixteen and for males eighteen. Although, this is what the Egyptian Feminist Union wanted, it was not a complete win. This new law helped the middle and upper class families who wanted to educate their daughters while it hurt the lower class families for they had to continue providing for their daughters for a longer time. Also, this law was not followed regularly, people began to create fake birth certificates and worked around the system to get what they wanted, â€Å"my father was not punished for having me married off when I was a legal minor. 19 This law gave females more time to themselves before they got married but it also reinforced the idea that males were more important; under this law males were expected to finish school and get degrees while girls were not. 20 After reading â€Å"The House of Obedience† it is clear that Assal does not agree with the Bait-al-taa and wanted it to be removed and I agree with her completely. Bait-al-taa goes against some of the fundamental beliefs of Islam, Islam says to â€Å"not take revenge on your women’ and ‘Be gentle with them or leave them respectively. 21 Women are supposed to be companions and partners to their husbands not their slaves. Bait-al-taa only causes friction, anger and resentment between the couple. The husband gets upset at the wife for leaving, and the wife gets upset at the husband for keeping her in captivity, this causes violence to erupt and nothing is solved. The Bait-al-taa gives too much control to men and leaves women weak and defenseless, â€Å"the bait-al-taa is more dangerous than prisons for criminals: the prisons are guarded by men invested with authority by the law†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The husband is clearly and involved guard. No one controls him†¦. he can insult her and hit her and the courts will not consider this behaviour to be outside his legal rights. †22 No one wins under the bait-al-taa, its principles are not found in the Quran, Hadith or Sunnah. It goes against Islam and contradicts many laws in societies. For example, how could a husband get away or not be punished for beating his wife and keeping her in a house against her will while they’re laws to protect citizens from bodily harm? The idea of Bait-al-taa is very contradicting and getting rid of it was the right thing to do.

Family or the Individual: Who Do We Work with?

Dani Romero Dr. Mack Cherry PHIL 3311 3/1/2013 Family or the individual: Who do we work with? Just as culture and individuals, medical ethics varies around the world. In the Western world medical ethics regarding consent is almost driven by the idea of separating the patient from the family. As discussed in class and readings, Western bio-ethics, compared to other countries, goes to the extent in dehumanizing the family figure when it comes to medical ethics, unless the patient is incapable to make their own decisions on their care.This idea is applied to most cases, even to those pertaining to minors. In other countries, for example China, family is the first source a physician goes to in order to to discuss the patients care and state before talking to the patient. The main question is, which approach should be used when it comes to consent? Is it better to glorify the patients independence by getting rid of the family figure or is it better for the physician to go to the family fi rst before bombarding a patient with overwhelming information?Of course, both sides of the argument have valid ideas defending their reasoning; however, trying to approach this as unbiased standard would be useless. In addition to making an insight to both arguments I will also apply what I have experienced with regards to a family vs. individual approach in my culture. First of all, we must understand that each approach is based on a statistical analysis, meaning that it’s a summation of the most common outcomes of each individual case.We approach each case like this because it would be impossible to remember every single outcome for each individual case that is relevant. This doesn’t mean that every single family is evil and tries to exclude the patient from their own choices; however, it also doesn’t mean that every family is a depiction of the Brady Bunch where everyone is happy, understanding and embraces each others flaws and quirks. In addition, we must a lso fully understand what the term family really means.According to the Oxford Dictionary a family means â€Å" a group consisting of parents and children living together in a household†. If you approach this through a biological point of view it means â€Å"a principal taxonomic category that ranks above genus and below order† (Oxford Dictionary). In both descriptions a family is basically a group that shares similar qualities and characteristics, but unlike friends that share same interests, family members are joined by a blood line that holds together by, not only interest, but also biological need to survive (e. . Propagation of their genes to future generations) In Western culture there has been a desire to separate the patient from the family. It almost feels as if society sees the family figure as a source of unfair control or a dictatorship that silences the individuals voice. In our modern society, bio ethics is driven by working for whats the best interest of the patient and what they, as an individual, say is better fit for them.In this approach, the family plays a only a â€Å"by default† sense, meaning that the patient is incapable of acting on their own behalf and has failed to appoint another individual to serve in their behalf and make decisions in the patients best interest (Boisaubin, 2004; Cherry and Engelhardt, 2004) Through the passing of the years, we as American’s have built up a mind set that families are evil and should not be trusted since we believe that no one knows better than what the individual wants but the individual himself.The ideas behind isolating the individual from the family is to protect their â€Å"best interest†. By having the patient as the â€Å"go to figure† we are enforcing the authority the patient has over themselves thus assuring that they are the only one that have control on what should happen to them. The idea of liberty plays a great part in Western culture, thus by isolating the patient we are playing by what every American is entitled to, which in this case, is the liberty to either accept or deny treatments offered by physicians.Also, as mentioned before, the main reason why an a patient is treated as an individual is in order to protect their best interest. As it can be easily seen, the family figure plays no role in this approach. The families main role is to play a historian in order to help the physician fill any gaps left by the patient. In this case families are suppose to be trusted, unless they show signs that they are incapable of being trusted. As mentioned in Ruiping Fan’s and Julia Tao’s â€Å"Consent to Medical Treatment: The Complex Interplay of Patients, Families, and Physicians,Western ioethics began as a fight against paternalism in order for the patient to gain autonomy over themselves (Engelhardt, 2002). Bioethics was build up on the pillars of individualism and autonomy over ones own body and decisions. Kn owing this it doesn’t seem strange that Western bioethics drive a wedge between the family and the individual. Most would believe that the wedge driven between patient and family wouldn’t affect pediatrics since children aren’t seen as a someone who is responsible and aware of their actions and their repercussions.However, in Western society the same idea is being applied to pediatric care. In today’s society, under the â€Å"Convention on the Rights of Children† by the United nations â€Å"minor children ought to be treated as self-possessed moral agents, who are to undertake their own moral and life-style decision making as soon as possible and as far as feasible† (Parental Authority and Pediatric Bioethical, pg. 553). An example would be acceptance of allowing children as young as 14 years-old to get birth control and abortion with out parental consent.Even if, according to Englehardt, some isn’t considered a responsible person in the sense that they are rational and are able to understand their actions till the age of 18 (). It almost seems strange that children at such young age have the mental and moral capacity to make such drastic decisions with out parental consent. This all falls under the same idea of the individual being independent and free to make their own choice, even if the individual doesn’t have full control over their impulses.Granted that parents and guardians are suppose to act in behalf of their child’s best interest; however, how is possible for Western bioethics to try to drive a wedge between the bond of child and parent at such an early age? On the other hand when we look at other countries such as China, we see that there is there is a more family oriented approach to medical ethics. According to Yali Cong’s article â€Å"Doctor-Family-Patient Relationship: The Chinese Paradigm of Informed Consent† a â€Å"family member† can either be the patients fa mily or the representative of the patient’s entire family, usually meaning the grandfather, father or elder son (pg. 52). The individual makes part of the family, thus whatever causes harm to the individual causes harm to the family ( e. c emotionally, mentally, economically) therefore the family should be with the individual in order to support them through the process. In most cases in China, the physician discusses the patients health with the family first and then they decide how much the patient should be told or if they should be told at all.Even if this approach is family oriented, it doesn’t mean that the individuals voice is ignored and all the decisions are made by the family and don’t consider the individual. It means that if the individual isn’t able to communicate or the family decides not fully disclose all the information to the patient, family members will act in the patients behalf and follow what the patient best interest is. This bioeth ical approach revolves around one central idea: why should we separate the patient from the people they are there to support them?As explained, Chinese physicians would never directly tell the patient that they are suffering from a terminal illness. On the other hand they would approach the family and educate them about what’s going on and what could happen and then the family can decide what to do in regards of letting the patient know. Families usually tell their loved ones the diagnosis gradually in order for them to take in the news and learn to accept it little-by-little and allowing them to adjust to their state (Doctor-Family-Patient Relationship, pg. 155)Another similar approach to the family oriented consent is that of Confucian moral balance where not only is family integrity important but also pursuits a harmonious ambiance where family members can cooperate and work harmoniously with one another in order to work for the patients best interest (The Family and Harmo nious Medical Decision Making, pg. 580). In the case of Tankai and her unfortunate death due a strike to the head in an accident her parents had to become the figure of authority since Tankai couldn’t possible act in her behalf.After her death, Tankai’s father decided to donate her organs in the hope that â€Å"their daughters life could at least partially be continued in someone [else]† (HEC Forum 2008, pg. 191). In this case, the family stepped in and acted on their daughters behalf and did what they knew Tankai would have decided on if she where to be of sound and mind before her passing. As shown by this case, the families job is to act in the behalf of the individual and do what they would have considered their best interest.In addition, it is understood that when the term â€Å"best interest† is used in this context it doesn’t mean the what the family may benefit from but what a the individual of the family will ultimately benefit from. After understanding both sides of the argument, I can see that I lean more towards the family oriented approach. I was brought up in a traditional Catholic home, in addition I come from a Mexican background meaning that I come from a very conservative household.Family plays a big role in the morals that have been taught to me through both my religion and culture. As I grew older I started to deviate from some of the ideas that had been drilled into my head by my culture. However, I don’t understand the Western obsession with separating the individual from the family as if they where to ignore the individuals voice and carry out their beliefs on them. Family is seen as the core of social and economic activity and therefore the locust of moral activity.I’m not saying that individuals choices should be manipulated by the families interest but the family shouldn’t be removed from the picture since they are the source of the individuals moral and ethical reasoning. The in dividual’s reasoning usually comes from elder family members that have been passed down from one generation to another, which makes the idea of cutting off the family seem even more irrational. As I grew up, I was taught that with out family you don’t have anything. I was taught that family is the glue that holds all your life together and without it life would be hard and eventually fall apart.Of course, not all families are the same and there may be a reason why Western medical ethics have decided to remove the family figure, but for the most part family members tend to care more for the people they have a stronger connection to thus making them one of the most reliable choice rather than a â€Å"by default† choice. However, if the family doesn’t seem to be trust worthy (due to their actions, behavior, and decisions of care for the patient) or the patient has expressed that they don’t wish to have to do anything with them, I believe that the fami ly oriented approach is the better one.I trust that my parents, siblings or any other family member, can responsibly act on my behalf if I’m not able to do so. Why wouldn’t I trust the people that have been there for me through thick and thin, and have molded me to become the person I am today? It seems bizarre to think that some people can’t trust their own family members; however, I do understand that not everyone has the same luck with family members and experience. In my own personal view of the situation I would prefer for my parents to be informed first about by condition, that is if it’s a horrble diagnosis.I would prefer for my parents to have their breakdown and cry out their feelings prior to me knowing the diagnoses. I believe this because when I am informed by the physician I would have my moment and would be able to look at my parents and have them be the shoulder for me to cry on, rather than them having a meltdown and me not have anyone to look up to and reassure me â€Å"everything would be ok†. Generally, it’s the families duty to comfort the ill family member, and having them cry and have a meltdown would be more stressful rather than comforting.I also agree with the Chinese ethical belief that when it comes to medical context it should com down to three different parties: the patient, family and physician (The Family and Harmonious Medical Decision Making, pg. 580) Another thing to think about when it comes to family oriented approach is the role parental and guardian supervision take place in pediatric care. Due to my upbringing in a catholic home it’s really hard for me to stomach the idea that children as young as 14 years-old can receive abortions and birth-control without parental consent.Yes, I understand the idea that it’s better for them to be sexually active with protection rather than having them have unprotected intimate relationship. However, this comes back to the idea of m oral pluralism, that everyone is a secular individual and necessarily share the same beliefs. However, maybe it’s because it got beaten into my head that it wasn’t acceptable to be intimate till marriage, but to me it seems that we are giving children the easy way out.Technically, Western culture is enforcing children to go behind their parents back and engage in such activities that they [the child] could lead to consequences that they can easily be protected from or taken out of. My question is; when is protecting the child’s â€Å"best interest† gone too far? Western culture is attempting to take apart the family figure by allowing children to be â€Å" self-possessed moral agents† (Parental Authority†¦ pg. 553). Overall, there is a definite connection between Chinese morals with hose that I have been exposed to, making it harder for me to understand the reasoning behind Western fight for the separation of the patient from the family. Famil y oriented and individual oriented approaches to medical cases have one thing in common; that they both strive for the patients best interest; however, how you arrive at that is a long path that has been twisted and turned by modern Western society. This makes is impossible for physicians to choose a default approach to all cases.Unless you live in a family and tradition driven society like China, one can’t assume that everyone is comfortable with a family approach. However, since America is a melting-pot or cultures there really isn’t a right answer for which approach should be the default one. Most individuals, and physicians, prefer the individual approach since it’s just easier to talk to the individual with out having 10 different people screaming at you giving different opinions.Regardless of what’s easier, I believe that if the patient is to say that they prefer a family oriented approach as that the one used in China, their wishes should be respec ted and carried out since it is considered the patients best interest. As a prospective medical student I know I will have to understand and keep an open mind and do what the patients best interest is. Overall, I find that the family approach may be more relaxing to the patient; however, if the patients family doesn’t seem trustworthy or doesn’t seem interested on the patients best interest

Module7-mob Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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The Abolitionist Crusade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Abolitionist Crusade - Essay Example Efforts to end slavery began earlier in the colonial era where Quakers who were members of Society of Friends, were the main torchbearers of the abolitionist movement. The main idea at that period was that blacks were inferior while the whites were superior. However, the Quakers held a different opinion and promoted the idea that all people regardless the skin colour where seen to be equal in God’s eyes and had a spark within. The Quakers abolitionists’ first goal was to end slave trade among its membership and believed that if the trade in slaves was abolished, slavery as a whole would seize to exist. Notably, John Woolman and Benezet Anthony urged the other Quakers to disconnect from the barbaric slave trade and all connections to slavery (Ferrell 12-13). The Quaker congregations in the 1760s began expelling members who were involved in slave trade. The Quakers in the American colonies influenced the British Quakers and the latter founded the first antislavery society in 1793 named London Committee to Abolish Slave Trade. The abolitionist crusade got a boost during the American Revolution since it became very hard for the whites, who had fought for their independence from Britain to attain universal human rights, to be able to justify their involvement in slavery. The abolitionists took advantage of this and encouraged the states in the North to end slavery and great achievements had been realised by the 1804. The success was manifest when the Congress banned slavery in most of Northwest region. In late 1820s and early 1830s, the abolitionist crusade took root and became more radical. The growing agitation of the blacks in the South region spurred the urgency among the white abolitionists who got the fear that continuation of slavery would lead to violence. For instance, Vesey Denmark who was a free black, led to a massive revolt in South Carolina and Nat Turner led a bloody uprising in Virginia. This sounded

Salave Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Salave Project - Assignment Example The company has also secured an investigation permit of up to 2765ha for a total of 3198ha of highly potential gold deposits (Asturgold, n.p). The area has already been developed, and access roads, power lines, water and telephone lines are available in the area. The area is just 10 kilometers from Tapia within the province of Galicia. This region has a long coal mining history that boosts confidence on future mine developments the Salave Project. This project is viable since it has a strong geological evidence to support it. Gold deposits are in the main Salave granodiorite and surrounding regions. The deposit contains gold mineralization along numerous north to northwest irregular lenses. Salave gold deposit is one of the biggest and premier grade undeveloped gold deposits in Western Europe. It is an investment that is worthwhile and lucrative. This report will show the predicted future of the Salave project investment in such a way that the investor will see the value of investing in such promising project. Since gold is a precious stone, investing into this project is also extremely precious to both the investor and the company taking up the Salave project. All the data and relevant analysis confirm the viability of this gold mine project. Introduction The Salave project has a basis on the preliminary economic analysis of the project. This economic analysis shows the financials of the project for the next eighteen (18) years. These projections are subject to alterations in the economy and, therefore, the rational of this statement is to take into account the changes and incorporate them for investors to have total confidence in the project. The analysis of the project indicates that, over the next 18 years, the project will generate a NPV of $576 million (Asturgold, n.p). Previous metallurgical studies and tests indicate that recoveries are in the order of 90%. The region has 1.7 million oz Au and indications show that 338 thousand oz Au inferred. This is g ood news to any investor who wants to have the most value for their investments. The robust economy demonstrated in 2011 placed the gold price at an attractive $1,100/oz. The local community is in total support of the project and shows confidence in the mining process. Currently the drive to put Salave to production as soon as possible is enormous. This project is the best investment in Western Europe. Significance of the Salave Project The Salave project is tremendously significant in the economy of Spain and to investors and share holders of the company that runs the Salave project. The project has vast possibilities and positive rewards in the end. Many investors always seek to increase their share value. This is the business that Salave project focuses on among other key goals like to be the largest gold mine in the whole of Western Europe. This project is resistant to the economic dynamics that will make investors shy to invest in the gold business. The gold business is never l ow due to the constant and steady rise of the prices of gold over the years especially when inflation strikes. This analysis will show how the value of the share holders will be on the increase, and the success of the project is the main purpose of the call for investor input from all over the globe. Cash flow Analysis In the forecast of the project’s cash flows for the next two decades, the following assumptions hold: A. All factors remain

Assignment of Religion and Environment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Classical and Operant Conditioning - Essay Example The following morning, they once again decide to get their exercise (UR) by walking (US) the same route of the past two days, only this time they enter the gymnasium to look around and make some queries. The fourth morning, they once again decide to walk (US) down Leon Avenue; and as was the case yesterday, they enter the gymnasium. This time, however, they become members (CR) having decided to use this facility for their exercising. The next morning and many mornings thereafter, the gymnasium (CS) is the place they go for their exercise (CR). This student has also chosen an activity for operant conditioning; namely, studying. A psychology professor has a double period every Friday. On some of those Fridays, the professor will, at the beginning of the second period, ask the students to study (desired behavior) the material from the first period, telling them they are free to ask him questions about the material that they did not understand. Some students do as asked, while others do not. Then, approximately 15 minutes before the end of study period a quiz is given. Those who studied, invariably obtain a good mark on the quiz, which serves as a positive reinforcement for their studying behavior. As students who studied keep receiving good quiz grades (positive reinforcement), it strengthens the desired response (studying) and increases the chance that it will keep on happening (Morris, 1976). Social and cultural environments actually act as powerful classical and operant conditioners. The class is one cultural indicator (Benchmarks on Line). If a person is born into a class (e.g. upper middle class) where diligent studying and resulting good grades are highly valued, a student will be praised and often also rewarded with tangible items such as a bicycle, camp, a skiing holidays, and so forth.

Economic and Political Fallout of World War I Term Paper

Economic and Political Fallout of World War I - Term Paper Example The world got ‘shaped’ both geographically and historically by two global conflicts that happened in the twentieth century. It included the First World War and the Second World War, with the First World War starting in 1914 and ending in 1918 with the signing of Treaty of Versailles. Although the First World War ended officially in 1918, its aftereffects simmered for many years, leading to the political and the economic fallouts in various regions of the World, particularly in Europe as well as United States, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Europe In Europe, the political and economic fallout of First World War was mainly visible in Germany and Italy. Defeated in the First World War and with fellow European countries from Britain to Spain dominating the world scene during that period, through their imperialist policies, Germany and Italy along with Japan thought of exhibiting their imperialistic leanings. They thought of capturing many colonies, which will enable them to regain their lost glory. Germany for instance at the end of the First World War I lost some of its most economically rich territories like eastern portion of Upper Silesia, Saarland and Rhineland to its fellow European neighbors, France, Poland, etc. The loss of these territories apart from depriving Germans of economic wealth also resulted in population relocation and thereby problems with neighboring territories. These problems fueled the German ambition to regain its lost territories. Importantly by restoring the ‘rightful’ boundaries to pre-First World War Germany, its leader, Adolph Hitler wanted to form a Greater Germany. Through Greater Germany, he wanted to encapsulate all the territories where Germans lived into a Great Nation. Italy on the other hand, frustrated by the minimal territorial gains at the end of First World War indulged in expansionism. At Versailles, even though Italy was promised larger part of Austrian territory, it got only renting-Alto Adige /Sudtirol, and this resentment fueled Italy’s expansion plans. â€Å"†¦uncompromising message was that Italy and had not received from its allies the gains to which its gallant war had entitled it† (Henig, 2005, p.10). This reason coupled with domestic crisis lead to the rise of Benito Mussolini, and he with popular support launched the desire to capture as many colonies as possible. â€Å"Mounting resentment over what was increasingly referred to by nationalists as the 'mutilated victory', and a series of post-war social and industrial convulsions, destabilized the weak post-war Italian government† (Henig, 2005, p.10). Mussolini desired to create a New Roman Empire, basing it on the Mediterranean area. As a first step, he invaded Albania and then Greece in the early part of 1939. There were also economic reasons behind the desire of Germany, Italy, and Japan to conquer many territories. That is, these three countries were not as rich as Britain and France and also they did not have enough colonial possessions to serve as the source of raw material or markets for their finished goods. Germany was particularly affected by the Great Depression of 1929 which started first in the U.S.A and then spread to other countries, and which indirectly caused the war. That is, U.S.A had been lending capital to European countries, but to protect her own industries, America raised a Tariff wall.

E-Commerces Effect on B2B Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

E-Commerces Effect on B2B Relations - Essay Example Organizations typically participate in more than one exchange in order to derive network advantages from complementary goods and services. Participating in an existing web-enabled B2B exchange allows organizations to reduce their own online start-up costs and to benefit from lower customer acquisition costs. (Kabir, 2004). "Today, supply chain management is far more important than manufacturing as a core competence; so much so that it's possible, as Nike and Cisco Systems have amply demonstrated, to dominate the market for a product without owning so much as a single factory" (Taylor, 2003). Online business-to-business (or B2B) exchanges are widely used in commercial and industrial sectors be it automotive or retailing. The Wall Street Journal (2003) reported that US businesses spent $482 billion in B2B transactions, up 242% from 2001. It was predicted that by 2006 $5.4 trillion in goods and services would be transacted B2B. Bandyopadhyay et all (2006, 512). B2B exchanges lower the cost to buyers through the automated nature of the procurement process. Further transaction cost falls occur with the use of reverse auctions. Value is added because of the interoperability of the application platform amongst users. Users are able to plan in concert. Ordanini et al (2004) investigated the factors which determined success for B2B electronic market places or exchanges in Italy.They looked at the content, structure and governance of a variety of business models, using a cluster analysis of the three dimensions. They found that in a period of 3 years (2000-2003) B2B e-commerce operators had fallen from 120 to 40, with less than 50% of the survivors operating above break-even. Research shows that similar patterns have occurred in the US and Europe. Ordanini et al found that private, large exchanges were generally more successful, due to their "superior capability to generate turnover compared to vertical niche operators" (Ordanini et al, 2004, p281). Electronic marketplaces were supposed to be a panacea to all the ills of electronic data interchange with its proprietary systems and 1:1 networking. An internet based platform promised disintermediation and new sources of competitive advantage, since the Internet was based on generic public standards and considerably cheaper to make use of. Figure 2: Alternative Business Models: Output of the Cluster Analysis. Source-Ordanini et al (20

A Hunger Artist Essay Example for Free

A Hunger Artist Essay Misunderstanding must be exposed and handled accordingly in order for understanding to occur Throughout the short story, â€Å"A Hunger Artist†, misunderstanding often created a separation of artist from society. Franz Kafka uses various literary elements and devices such as symbols and conflict to demonstrate this theme. One way that Franz Kafka explicitly displays misunderstanding in â€Å"A Hunger Artist† is through his use of symbolism. Throughout the work, the hunger artist was locked inside of a cage to isolate himself from the fickle public. This cage represents alienation from society and also a barrier that prevents understanding. The spectators’ positions outside of the cage prevent them from truly appreciating the hunger artist’s feat and often times causes those to misunderstand the concept of â€Å"art† that the hunger artist is attempting to exhibit. In the artist’s case, being an artist means cutting oneself off from the world and this is reflected in the artist’s conscious choice to sequester, or seclude, himself in a cage. The physical separation of hunger artist and spectator that the cage creates mirrors the spiritual separation of the individual artistic ego and public will. This separation in mindset leads to a critical dividend in understanding in which only the hunger artist realizes the importance of his ambitions and accomplishments. In regard to the artist’s behavior, the impresario would apologize as stated, â€Å"He would apologize publicly for the artist’s behavior, which was only to be excused, he admitted because of the irritability caused by fasting; a condition hardly to be understood by well-fed people† (Kafka 3). Spectators often misinterpreted the point that the hunger artist was attempting to portray. The purpose of the cage was to secure him from those who do not understand him. Another way that Kafka demonstrates misunderstanding is through his use of external conflict. The hunger artist’s troubled relationships with his spectators suggest that the artist exists apart from society and must therefore be misunderstood since the spectators do not perceive art in the same sense that the hunger artist does. This conflict ultimately occurs on more than one occasion throughout the text. The artist does not want to be rewarded with materialistic contributions and/or praise from the public; he finds the greatest reward in others’ understanding of art from his perspective. The public pretend to admire the hunger artist’s accomplishments merely because they do not understand the true concept of art that the artist is striving to convey. Kafka states, â€Å"His public pretended to admire him so much, why should it have so little patience with him; if he could endure fasting longer, why shouldn’t the public endure it? † (2). The fickle public that the hunger artist encounters does not pay him as much attention as he expected. The public are glad to finally see the artist stop his fasting so they are able to proceed on with their lives; they don’t show much interest in the art of fasting. In an article, Ian Johnston translates, â€Å"In the last decades interest in hunger artists has declined considerably†¦Back then the hunger artist captured the attention of the entire city. From day to day while the fasting lasted, participation increased† (Franz Kafka A Hunger Artist). This explicitly expresses the reason why the public show no interest in the hunger artist’s fasting. An art that was greatly appreciated before has now died down and is not trendy. The hunger artist’s attempts to gain the public’s recognition of the true concept of the art of fasting have failed. From reading the short story, â€Å"A Hunger Artist†, one can gain the concept of how important it is to expose misunderstanding before true understanding can develop. Whether it be with an in-depth look at art or simply a misunderstanding between two people, developing an understanding is vital. The reason for misunderstanding must be addressed and handled accordingly prior to proceeding in the process of understanding. Works Cited Kafka, Franz. A Hunger Artist. Prague: Twisted Spoon Press, 1996. N. pag. Print. Yancey, Phillip. Good Reads. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. lt;http://www. goodreads. com/quotes/tag/misunderstandinggt;. Understanding. Def. 2a. Merriam-Webster. n. d. N. pag. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. lt;http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/understandinggt;. Johnston, Ian. Franz Kafka: The Metamorphosis, A Hunger Artist, In the Penal Colony, and Other Stories. Arlington, Virginia: Richer Resources Publications, 2009. N. pag. Web. 11 May 2013. lt;http://www. richerresourcespublications. com/Books/Classic_Books/Philosophy/Kafka/Franz_Kafka. pdfgt;.

Distal Radius Fractures (DRF) Pain Management

Distal Radius Fractures (DRF) Pain Management Explain how pathological processes influence physiotherapy management for a patient with a fracture of the lower end of radius. Distal radius fractures (DRF) account for 16% of fractures seen in accident and emergency. (Tosti 2011) They are often caused by a fall on an outstretched hand, and as the risk of falling and osteoporosis increases with age, elderly patients have a higher risk of DRF. DRF are described as Colles’ fractures (with dorsal angulation) or Smiths fractures (with volar angulation), and treatment varies with fracture type, age of patient and presenting symptoms. Many fractures are reduced under anaesthesia and immobilised in a plaster cast from just below the elbow to the proximal crease of the palm (Alsop 2013). During bone healing, immobilisation ensures bone ends remain aligned and reduces the risk of mal-union. Immediately after a fracture, the local bone tissue becomes necrotic, and is resorbed by osteoclasts. A fracture haematoma forms and osteoblasts produce calcium hydroxyapatite crystals which are laid down on the bone matrix, forming callus (Drake 2010). Callus is visible on x-ray at 6 weeks, which is typically when the immobilisation stage ends. During immobilisation, patients’ clinical priorities are pain management through medication, swelling reduction and prevention of secondary stiffness and muscle wastage in joints above and below the fracture. To decrease levels of exudate in tissues and aid lymphatic drainage, elevation and compression are the main physiotherapy treatments (Cheing 2005). Stretching exercises for the elbow, shoulder, metacarpal phalangeal joints and inter phalangeal joints on the affected side help maintain range of motion (ROM), and strengthening exercises for muscles of the shoulder, elbow and fingers can reduce muscle atrophy. Physiotherapists’ can provide diet education, explaining that the supplementation of vitamin D, calcium, magnesium and vitamin K will aid bone healing (Price 2012). Vitamin C is shown to improve â€Å"mechanical and histological parameters of fracture repair† in a study with rats (Gaston 2007), and to induce osteoblast differentiation, which play an impor tant role in bone healing (Carinci 2005).When the plaster is removed, skin can be flaky, thin and over sensitised. Physiotherapists can explain the importance of gentle washing and moisturising and can perform desensitising treatment if required. Due to their knowledge of fracture pathophysiology, physiotherapists can advise patients on how to protect their wrist, for example, not to lift a full kettle but to continue with functional tasks such as washing dishes. After immobilisation, an important symptom is pain, affecting the patient’s ability to perform functional activities. Pain or fear of pain can impair treatment, as the patient may be nervous to do their prescribed exercises. Effective pain management in the form of paracetamol and ibuprofen, and explanation that a dull aching pain is demonstrative of bone healing may help reduce patient anxiety. Measuring pain allows physiotherapists’ to provide outcome measures and to tailor treatment to patients’ individual needs. Self-reported measures, such as the visual analogue scale, are the gold standard for measuring pain intensity, location, quality and temporal variation (Jones 2013). Nociception from DRF occurs when the sensory receptors at nerve endings in the periosteum are stimulated by noxious insults that are produced through inflammation (DeLisa 2005). An action potential is carried to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where the pain signal is sent to the brain . As pain is transmitted via the dorsal horn, physiotherapists use modalities that use the pain-gate theory to reduce patient’s discomfort. This theory suggests there is a gating mechanism in the dorsal horn, small nociceptors that carry pain facilitate the gate, but larger mechanoreceptor fibres inhibit the gate. When physiotherapists stimulate mechanoreceptors, the gate is inhibited and pain signals transmitted to the brain are reduced (Moayedi 2012). An example of this is accessory mobilisations, where the physiotherapist recreates athrokinematic movements to stimulate mechanoreceptors, inhibiting nociception. In a DRF, all athrokinematic movements can be used at grade one and two to stimulate mechanoreceptors. Massage uses the pain-gate theory, therefore alongside the physiological effects of massage, such as increasing blood flow and lymphatic drainage, massage stimulates the mechanoreceptors that inhibit the gate, inhibiting pain signals. Stiffness can be caused by a variety of aetiologies. If the fracture involves articular surfaces, blood entering the joint can leave fibrin residue causing fibrous adhesions between the two synovial membranes (Hamblen 2007). This decreases the congruency of the surfaces, therefore decreasing ROM. More commonly, peri-articular adhesions, caused by collections of exudate, reduce the resilience of ligaments and reduces muscles free gliding abilities, causing stiffness. (Hamblen 2007). If the patient has undergone open reduction surgery, scar tissue can cause adhesion of local muscles and tendons, reducing ROM. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a modality used to treat decreased ROM. PNF uses the proprioceptive stimulation of muscle groups, using voluntary muscle contractions alongside stretching to reduce the reflexive aspect of muscular contraction (Mahieu 2008). Using maximal muscle contraction enables maximum relaxation, which increases stretch efficacy. By using this technique on physiological movements of the wrist, the adhesions are broken down allowing fluent movement. Simple home stretching exercises can be prescribed, to ensure that soft tissues are stretched frequently to reduce stiffness. As well as treating pain, mobilisations are used to decrease stiffness. For stiffness, both accessory and physiological passive mobilisations can be used to increase ROM. When treating stiffness, grade three and four mobilisations taken to the end of range are used, which break down peri-articular adhesions and allow synovial sweep, creating even lubrication and reducing fricti on. After pain, swelling and ROM have been addressed, strengthening excercises are incorporated into treatment to reduce muscle atrophy caused by immobilisation (Powers 2004). Strengthening excercises help to regain muscle mass and strength, by causing neural adaptions, decreasing inhibitory feedback allowing stronger contractions. Stronger contraction is also caused by muscle hypertrophy, where myocytes enlarge, increasing actin and myosin concentration. Excercises should get increasingly more challenging until functional movement is achieved. All excercises should be aimed at functional goals specific to the patient, increasing motivation and also establishing expectations of both the physiotherapist and the patient. Due to NHS cuts, physiotherapists can not see patients as frequently as desired, therefore modalities such as massage and PNF cannot be fully effective. It is therefore important for the physiotherapist to increase motivation for home excercises through explanations of the ir importance and effects . As the most common cause of a DRF is falling on an outstretched hand, physiotherapy falls prevention programmes including gait re-education,walking aids and balance exercises, can reduce the risk of DRF. These programmes have been â€Å"associated with a significantly lower risk of fractures† (El-Khoury 2013), demonstrating that prevention is the most effective physiotherapy management for both patient and physiotherapist. References: Alsop, H. 2013 (2013) Tidy’s Physiotherapy 15th ed. Saunders Elsevier Carinci, F. Pezzetti, F. Spina, AM. Palmieri, A. (2005) Effect of Vitamin C on pre-osteoblast gene expression. Archive of Oral Biology. 50(5): 481-496 Cheing, G. Wan, J. and Lo, S. (2005) Ice and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field to Reduce Pain and Swelling after Distal Radius Fractures. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 37: 372-377 Delisa. J, (2005) Physical Medicine and Rehabiliation: Principles and Practise 4th ed. Volume 1. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Drake, R. (2010) Gray’s Anatomy for Students. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier El Khoury, F. (2013) The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal. 347: f6234 Gaston, M. Simpson, A. (2007) Inhibition of Fracture Healing. The Bone and Joint Journal. Vol. 89. No. 12. 1553-1560 Hamblen, D. (2007) Adam’s Outline of Fractures, Inluding Joint Injuries. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Jones, L. (2013) Tidy’s Physiotherapy 15th ed. Saunders Elsevier Mahieu, N. Cools, A. De Wilde, B. (2008) Effect of propoiceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on the plantar flexor mucle-tendon tissue properties. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. Vol. 19. 553-560 Moayedi, M. Davis, K. (2012) Theories of pain: from specificity to gate control. Journal of Neurophysiological. Vol 109. No. 1: 5-12 Powers, S. (2004) Mechanisms of disuse muscle atrophy: role of oxidative stress. American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 288. No. R337-R344 Price, C. (2012) Essential Nutrients for Bone Health and a Review of their Availability in the Average North American Diet. The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 6: 143-149 Tosti, R. (2011) Distal Radius Fractures – A Review and Update. Minerva Orthopaedic and Traumatology. Vol 62: 443-457

The Evolution of Democracy in Georgia Essay -- European Europe History

The Georgian people made its choice on 26 May 1918, when it voted for democracy and pluralism in the conditions of a free Georgia. 26 May was destroyed by Bolshevik bayonets, but the idea of freedom and democracy remain undefeated in the Georgian - Statement of the National Democratic Party, 1988.1 In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Caucasian country of Georgia (map below) was among the vanguard of forces seeking the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was the only republic to join the Baltic in flatly refusing to even consider signing Gorbachev's new Union treaty in 1990.2 Agitation for Georgian independence led to a series of bloody clashes with the authorities that only served to further radicalize the nationalists. When discussing the prospects for independence, many Georgians mentioned the short-lived Georgian Democratic Republic, which managed to survive for "three halcyon years... 1918-1921, the period lovingly referred to by Georgians as 'independent Georgia'."3 This brief period was critically important for the development of a Georgian nationalism. In effect, the existence of Georgia as an independent nation led to the birth and initial growth of nationalism in Georgia. The history of Georgia from 1917 to 1921 shows a steadily increasing national feeling, which wa s not crushed by the Soviet invasion and later formed the basis of the strong separatist tendencies of the Georgians in the final decades of the Soviet Union. Before the Russian Revolution, Georgian national feeling was so subdued as to be effectively negligible. The absorption of feudal Georgia into the Russian Empire in 1801 and the subsequent Russian administration of the country were widely accepted as necessary for the protection of the country a... ... 192. 27. Kazemzadeh, The Struggle, 118. 28. Zourab Avalishvili, The Independence of Georgia in International Politics, 1918-1921 (Westport, Connecticut: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1990), 64 - 65. 29. Kazemzadeh, The Struggle, 126. 30. Ibid., 148. There was also talk in Berlin of installing some German prince as King of Georgia, but this was abandoned once the strength of the Socialists in Georgia was understood. 31. Suny, Georgian Nation, 195. 32. Ibid., 201. 33. Nasmyth, Georgia, 301. 34. Kazemzadeh, The Struggle, 196. 35. Suny, Georgian Nation, 199. 36. Kazemzadeh, The Struggle, 182 - 183. 37. Nasmyth, Georgia, 52. 38. Kazemzadeh, The Struggle, 197 39. Ibid., 197. 40. Ibid., 199. 41. Suny, Georgian Nation, 207. 42. Kazemzadeh, The Struggle, 203. 43. Ibid., 328. 44. V. I. Lenin, quoted in Kazemzadeh, The Struggle, 324. 45. Suny, Georgian Nation, 208.

Gender Equity, Is It Really Important in the Classroom? Essay -- Teachi

Gender Equity, Is It Really Important in the Classroom? There are many differences between boys and girls in the classroom. Most people do not realize this, but it is a proven fact. Gender differences in math and science are very evident. Teachers subconsciously treat boys with a higher degree of respect when it comes to math and science than they do girls. The roles of boys and girls are set at very young ages (Butler and Damnjanovic, 1997). Actually, before they even start going to school their roles are learned from their parents. Most parents buy boy toys for boys and girl toys for girls, thus forming the behavior to which their children will become accustom. According to Dale Baker (2001), "Teachers call on boys more often than girls, ask boys more higher-order questions, give boys more extensive feedback, and use longer wait-time with boys than girls"(p 1). What teachers do not realize is that this puts a big impact on girl’s self-esteem and learning skills. Also, it is not that girls dislike math and science but they "lose courage over time"(Bond, 2001, p 1). In addition, according to research done by the New England Consortium for Undergraduate Science Education (NEWCUSE, 1996), Men tend to respond to questions more confidently, aggressively, and quickly, regardless of the quality of their responses; they tend to speak more freely and spontaneously in class, formulating their answers as they speak. Women, on the other hand, tend to wait longer to respond to a question in class, choosing their words carefully, reflecting on the question and constructing an answer before they speak. (p 4) I feel this is because boys have the reputation of being rambunctious and wild, while girls are supposed... ...18/01). Butler Kahle, J., Damnjanovic, A. (1997). How Research Helps Address Gender Equity[online]. Available: http://narst.org/research/gender2.htm. (3/18/01) Kober, N. (2001). What special problems do girls face in science? What can schools And Teachers do?[online]. Available: http://www.enc.org/topics/equity/articles/documents/1,1946,ACQ-111315- 1315,00.shtm. (3/18/01). NECUSE Colleges, Students at Brown University. (1996). Achieving Gender Equity in Science Classrooms.[online]. Available: http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Dean_ Of _the_College/homepginfo/equity/Equity_handbook.html. (3/18/01). Perez,C. (2001). Equity in the Standards-Based Elementary Mathematics Classroom [online]. Available: http://www.enc.org/topics/equity/stories/documents/0,1946,FOC -001768-index,00.shtm. (3/18/01).

Educational Policies of Nigeria and South Korea Essay

Education has been the corner stone of the success of every economy. In terms of those countries which have been colonized and have adopted a government that was highly repressive in nature, one could significantly argue that such would post an effect to how education was being delivered, the degree of excellence of the aforementioned, the demands of the market and the availability of jobs, and finally its effects to the economy. This paper focuses on the educational history and policies of Nigeria and South Korea in relation to the British military government of the Nigerians and the Japanese occupation and the American military government of the South Koreans. These policies and norms are then significantly related to their employment systems and its effect on their economy. The objectives of this essay are the following: 1. To establish a brief account of the educational policies and norms of Nigeria and South Korean and significantly identify its relationship to the military government. 2. To significantly identify the effects of the educational policies and norms in relation to the availability of jobs to the citizens and consequently the continuous demands of the market for such jobs; and finally 3. To know the effects of educational excellence, jobs availability and demands to the sustainable development of an economy. Review of Related Literature Education and Military Government in Nigeria One of the major constitutional changes that happened to the government of Nigeria was in 1953, a few years after the World War II. Such a change took effect through the London Conference attended by both Nigerian and Colonial officials which places the country under the rule of a Governor General, having the aforementioned the leader of the three principle regions of the country. Such a change of the name of positions was a way for the British regime to increase the autonomous powers of the country thereby making education vested at the local level, which is in accordance with the aim of unifying the region (Patterson, 1955, p. 94). Education, other than representation and taxation was one of the autonomous areas of governance that is designated to the central government. As such it is with this respect that the government had ordered that the youth of Nigeria regardless of any region should be given â€Å"sound and uniform standards of performance† (p. 95). The objective of this educational policy is to have the youth fully prepared on their primary and secondary education so as to enable them to take higher education both inside and outside of the country. Within the new constitution, 34 subjects or areas of concern were given to the federal government to oversee. In addition with this, 14 subject areas were also created and delegated to the federal government to be administered to individual regions. Consequently, it has also been perceived that the successful implementation of these subjects could only happen if the individuals administering these areas were competent enough, hence resulting to the very high standards were implemented by the government in terms of employee recruitment (p. 5). Such a drive for the development of skills for the Nigerian youth resulted to the perceived shortness in terms of trained senior administrators and other technicians for various government and technical posts for the country. The federal government perceived that the shortage could only be remedied through higher education and long experience of the youth. At the end of 1953, it has been perceived that 5,000 senior service positions were available in which 3,300 of them were taken by overseas personnels or the â€Å"expatriates†. Only 800 positions are given to Nigerians, and there were still 900 positions more that were vacant (World Bank, 1955, p. 23). The drive of the British Government to improve the education in Nigeria resulted to the establishment of a program for development for African Territories under the British Crown. The program which was called the Colonial Development and Welfare Schemes was inaugurated in 1945 in which required the British Government to contribute 23,000,000 pounds sterling for ten years that would enable the country to develop and another loan of 26-500,000 pounds sterling that would be used to fund a number of projects including education and other research facilities (Patterson, 1955, p. 97). The result of such an effort on the end of the British Government paved the way for a consuming ambition among young Nigerians to be associated with the Government and take a number of white collar jobs (p. 8). Technical Education in Nigeria Technical education is placed as one of the major projects of the Ten-Year Plan for Development and Welfare for the post-war Nigeria. Institutions that would cater to technical skills, trade, and handicrafts were created after the Second World War. For instance, the Technical Institute of Yaba, the first center that was created outside Lagos offered three full-time and two part-time programs and special short courses. These skills were those relating to junior and senior technical and also teacher training. For a four-year education, the country had been offering instructions in wood working, drafting, sub-professional engineering, commerce and printing to those students who have completed eight years of primary education and have already passed a special entrance examination. The senior technical course offered by the institute focused on courses in electrical, mathematical and civil engineering, architectural assistance and economics. Consequently, there were also teacher-training programs which offer a two-year course to prepare teachers for handicraft centers and secondary school craft courses (World Bank, 1955, p. 582-583). On the other hand, the Trade Centers at Yaba aimed to produce skilled craftsmen by offering courses which range from two to five years. The students primarily learned on an apprenticeship basis after which they have already familiarized themselves with the tools of the trade and have learned to do simple tasks; consequently academic instructions were given to the students averages one day every week. After the students have already gained the skills that are necessary, they were contacted by the trade center to go to large cities in order to work. Part of the educational system was also the refusal to accept new students until a new class graduates. As such, the intake and output for some courses happened only once in every five years. For the first five years of the operation of the Yaba Centre, there were only 85 students who had graduated while 18 were dismissed and 13 of them resigned (p. 84). The Weakness of the Nigerian Education One major weaknesses of the Nigerian education was the inclination to have all areas of the Government to have properly staffed and well-trained individuals; as such resulting in having schools to have its own standards and specializations and independence from other educational efforts. Such an act resulted at times to the replication of jobs or over specialization on some skills, which were often criticized to prevent holistic development. It has been argued by some scholars that schools that were operated by the departments of governments had the inclination to emphasize subjects that were too technical up to the extent of neglecting certain subjects such as English, Mathematics and the Social Sciences. As such, some students after graduating from departmental schools normally look for jobs that they believed will be necessary for their employment rather than their abilities and interests (Patterson, 1955, p. 7-98). In effect of this, the inclination towards education had been something that was relative to that of available employment. Outside the market, it had been perceived that education had no value and in the long run, had stimulated little demand to the public. It is with this respect that competition among available jobs had been perceived to be very keen wherein the colonial Nigeria has clustered to commercial areas within the region (Davis and Kalu-Nwiwu, 2001, p. 1). It could also be significantly noted that education for women during the post-war Nigeria had also been problematic as although there were already several domestic science centers that were established, very few of them remained in actual operation. As such, the education of women had been lagging in the country. The education that was provided to women were those solely with regard to food preparation, sewing, cleaning, general sanitation and elementary skills in nursing (World Bank, 1955, p. 588).

Chinese philosophy Essay

Confucius was born in 551-479 BC. His father died while Confucius was three years old. He was raised in a poor single mother family, during a time of civil unrest in china. Confucius is thought to be the first teacher and the one of most influential Chinese philosophers. After his death his teachings became the basis for Confucianism. Confucius believed that we’re naturally good, but it needs to be learned. People have to learn how to â€Å"cultivate the good and throw out the bad. Anything that is worth learning is must be practiced. He thought very highly of education hence one of his sayings â€Å"enrich them educate them†. Confucius focused on relationships, they were very important and every type of relationship should function a certain way. Some people say the Confucius is very similar to Socrates. Two of the main concepts of jen and li are considered basis of Confucianism. Jen is what makes you human, the ability to care, goodness, giving and â€Å"man-to-man-ness†. acting in this manor is highly revered in Confucianism considered human perfection. One must Have moral and ethical respect for human life, treat others with humanity and having self-esteem for one’s self. He believes that jen can be learned. Everyone can be â€Å"perfected† and it needs to be learned. Jen is the foundation of all relationships and it applies to not just one race but to everyone. Li is a guide to human interaction also the general guide to social order and in your life. Li plays the role of higher rung of natural law. For jen to exist society needs to have order. People need to be open with one another. Every action has an effect on someone else, there are limits to individuality. Confucius wanted to order the entire way of life, you shouldn’t be left to guess because you don’t know how to behave. Confucianism has had a huge affect on East Asian society and thinking. China used the Confucian philosophy as the basis for government for 300 years. Then in 1912 the government decided that the philosophy was the reason for why there country was being held back. There was a time when the Chinese government sought to destroy the philosophy by burning all of the books. Of course there attempt were futile. Confucianism also became the basis for government in Japan, Korea, Singapore, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. While Confucianism had a huge affect in East Asia I was unable to find anything about its affects on western culture. I like the idea of connectedness that Confucianism portrays. The idea that every action has an effect on some else is very true. I feel that in American society we have lost track of that, most of us are only out for ourselves because we are such an individualistic society. Confucius puts emphasis on the family unit; in fact more than half of his teachings about social relations pertain to families. I believe that a good family has a better chance at making better people. One possible negative is that In Confucianism there is a belief that relationships are more important than government law. Some people say that this can promote corruption and nepotism in the government. China has had these problems with their government. In Confucianism’s defense Singapore’s is considered one the the least corrupt countries on earth. I guess every philosophy isn’t perfect there are References China Confucianism: Life of Confucius, Influences, Development. (n. d. ). China Travel Agency with 24/7 Tour Service – TravelChinaGuide. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http://www. travelchinaguide. com/intro/religion/confucianism/ Exploring Chinese History :: Culture :: Philosophy :: Confucianism. (n. d. ). ibiblio – The Public’s Library and Digital Archive. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http://www. ibiblio. org/chinesehistory/contents/02cul/c04s04. html The Eastern Philosophy Blog: he Main Concepts of Confucianism. (n. d. ). The Eastern Philosophy Blog. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http://eastern-philosophy-and-meditation. blogspot. com/2009/01/he-main-concepts-of-confucianism. html APA formatting by BibMe. org. going to be a few things that people will disagree on.

Sociology Ethnicity Question

Using material from item A and elsewhere assess the claim that ethnic differences in educational achievement are primarily the result of school factors. It is not completely internal school factors that can affect different ethnicities level of achievement in education, external factors can have a large part to play in the achievement levels of ethnic minorities in education as well. In education studies have shown that Chinese students as well as Indian students are the highest achieving ethnic groups in education while black and Bangladeshi students are the lowest achieving students.In 2006, 73% of pupils Indian origin gained a 5 A* – C passes at GCSE, compared to 56% of White pupils and an even lower 47% of Black pupils, Item A agrees with this point. Labelling is a large part of the internal factors that affects different ethnic groups’ achievement in education as some teachers label different ethnic students as less able or be less able to understand the teacher be cause they are of different ethnicity when in fact they can understand as well as a white student.Ethnocentric Curriculum is also a large part of the internal factors that can have an affect on the success levels of the ethnic minorities in education as in schools they tend to teach subjects which are appealing to the white students over the black students. In history they tend to miss out teaching about black history in order to teach more appealing topics and in English, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens are usually taught over black writers and this can cause the ethnic students to take less of a care to the subject, ending up in a lower success rate.The internal factor of ‘institutional racism’ is a major factor which can cause the different ethnic groups to be less successful in education. There is evidence of ‘institutional racism’ in schools by the way that the schools take racism less seriously and often fail to deal with issues of racism whic h make the ethnic groups feel disadvantaged and treated differently making them have a mood of fatalism about education this point is also made in item A. Feature Article –  Sociology Test  1As well as internal factors there are external factors that can affect the success levels of ethnic groups in education such as the inadequate language level spoken by low-income black families. Bereiter and Englemann found that there language skills were ungrammatical, disjointed and incapable for education and incapable for expressing ideas. Flaherty argued that the external factor of the ethnic groups being more likely to live in low quality, substandard council housing also plays a large part on the success levels of ethnic groups in education.This means that they will also be less likely to have good study space, money for health nutritious food and means they are less likely to have revision resources needed for success and item A agrees with this point. Racism in the wider society is also a large external factor which can have a large impact on the ethnic groups in the wider society as this racism can de-motivate people from doing well in education and striving to get the good jobs as they believe only the people who are white ethnicity will get the jobs.This racism is evident in Mike Noon’s study, when he sent off applications named ‘Patel’ he got less, more negative responses than what he got when he sent of the same applications named ‘Evans’. So in conclusion, both internal and external factors are extremely important as the internal factors can affect them directly when they are doing work in school but the external factors can affect how hard they work to try to give themselves a good start outside of school as well as how hard they try at home after school. This makes them both as important as eachother.

Point of Sale and Inventory System

ABSTRACT Title: Point of Sale System for Stone Pro Enterprise Researchers: Serolf, Jham Year : 2013 Course: Computer Science Technology Adviser: CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1. 1 Introduction Man have come a long way in doing business transactions with each other. From the primitive ways of exchanging goods or â€Å"barter system†, to the more complex â€Å"e-commerce† or doing business transactions with the help of the internet. With technology rapidly changing and upgrading every now and then, companies must adopt to be able to excel in each businesses’ â€Å"cut-throat† competition.Automation of one’s point of sale and inventory system puts you a step ahead in the game. It helps you conduct business transactions with ease as you only have to press a few keys. It liberates you from countless paper works as computation of the day’s sale and keeping track of inventory are done automatically. With these things in mind, we, the Blue Link Technology group , hopes that upon completion of this Proposed Point of Sale and Inventory System, Stone Pro Enterprise will find it of great value and an indispensable asset in the company.That through the use of this System, unnecessary loss of time spent on computation of payments will be minimized and greater client satisfaction will be achieved. On the part of the management, knowing which products are in need of procurement and which are not, will help avoid over stocking and greatly minimize unnecessary expenses. At the end of the day, all transactions will be properly documented and generation of reports will just be a few keystrokes away.Finally, we hope that with the development of the said System, we will be able to help Stone Pro Enterprise become a company more competitive and quality wise, worthy of recognition in the local industry. 1. 2 Background and purpose of the study Most companies nowadays use computers in transacting with their clients. Companies are now making their systems computerized because using a computerized system will help the company minimize the time and efforts consumed by using manual system.Stone Pro Enterprise provide not only cleaning services for your natural stones flooring, but also offer wide variety of floor care supplies and products. A sale refers to the exchange of product or services for an amount of money or its equivalent while Inventory in a business, is a total amount of goods and the act of counting them. A company owner must know the precise number of items in their storage areas in order to place orders and control losses. Computerizing both Sales and Inventory System will make an easier and faster transaction with the customers as well as monitoring the stocks of the products.The benefit of Point of Sale with Inventory system is that this system makes a business much more efficient, lowering the costs of running the business while improving customer service and making the business more pleasant to work in while Computerized inventory system helps management control the inventories, in turn lowering overall operating costs in the areas of labor, facilities and logistics. A computerized inventory system also improves customer-service metrics and fulfillment rates. 1. 3 Theoretical Framework The study is for Stone Pro Enterprise by using â€Å"Visual Basic† that were relatively easy to learn and use.The researchers were able to analyze the speed properties. Analyzing the point of sale design and code; it is important because the study needs to have a quality for the transaction to be accepted and a good imitator of transaction. The study use IPO chart on knowing the output of the study. The input will be a design and code. The input will pass through several process. These are the speed of transaction. 1. 4 Conceptual Framework Figure 1 Research Paradigm Point of Sale System Stone Pro Enterprise 1. 5 Statement of the Problem Stone Pro Enterprise System requires some compu ter literacy on the user part.It's not trivial investment in time or money to set up. If the user doesn't have basic knowledge then the technical requirements of this POS system may baffle him. Ignoring normal practices the this POS system will confound and frustrate each user. The whole idea of this system is for the user to follow the rules, learn accounting terminology and become more disciplined. If this will be practice, then this POS system can bring a tremendous advantages. 1. 6 Hypothesis This study is intended to design and develop a Computerized Point of Sale System for Stone Pro Enterprise 2013. Specifically, this study aims: . To minimize the effort of the staff in in processing the on Stock Inventory 2. To make an efficient and accurate computation of cash Registry 3. To create a well-arranged database and to implement strong security of the system for data security. 1. 7 Significance of the Study To Admin Department The proposed system will help the admin section of St uff the Buss School Supplies. It will help to lessen the time and effort of the payroll maker/bookkeeper preparing payments of employees. The System develop can accommodate changing figures and produce a paperless environment through well design database.To Proponents This study will help the proponents to enhance the ability on how to create an understandable computerized system in an easy way. This will serve to the proponents as a challenge to do a better system. To the other Researcher This study gives knowledge to the researcher on how to create a Computerized System in understandable way. This will serve as a fresh ground for the researcher whose study will be related in the field of Information Technology. 1. 8 Scope and Limitation Scope This study is designed to develop a Computerized Point of Sale System for Stone Pro enterprise.It covers the process of preparing the on stock inventory record, keeping of cash registry records safety and computing the exact daily revenue. Th e proposed computerized Point of Sale System is expected to generate receipts and report list of daily and monthly revenue. Limitation The proposed Computerized Point of Sale System for Stone Pro Enterprise does not support network topology implementation and online program or online transaction. 1. 7 Definition of Terms Point of Sale – or  checkout  is the place where a transaction occurs in exchange for goods or services.The point of sale often refers to the physical electronic cash register or dedicated POS hardware used for checkout, but the POS is simply the location where the sale is conducted, money changes hands and a receipt is given. Transaction –   an agreement, communication, or movement carried out between a buyer and a seller to exchange an asset for payment. Cash Register – is a mechanical or electronic device for calculating and recording sales transactions, and an attached  cash drawer  for storing  cash. The cash register also usual ly prints a  receipt  for the customer.Inventory Control System –   is a process for managing and locating objects or materials. Computer Software –   is a collection of  computer programs  and related  data  that provides the instructions for telling a  computer  what to do and how to do it. Computer Hardware – equals the collection of physical elements that comprise a  computer  system. Computer System – A complete, working  computer. Computer systems will include the computer along with any  software  and  peripheral devices  that are necessary to make the computer function Program – is a sequence of  instructions  written to perform a specified task with a  computer.CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1. Foreign Literature Over the years, more enhancements were made to the cash registers until the early 1970s, when the first computer-driven cash registers were introduced. The first computer-driv en cash registers were basically a mainframe computer packaged as a store controller that could control certain registers. These point of sale systems were the first to commercially utilize client-server technology, peer-to-peer communications, Local Area Network (LAN) backups, and remote initialization.In the late 1980s, retail software based on PC technology began to make its way into mainstream retail businesses. Today, retail point of sale systems are light years ahead of where they began. Today's POS systems are faster, more secure, and more reliable than their predecessors, and allow retailers to operate every facet of their business with a single, integrated point of sale system. Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A.Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). Points of sale (P OS) systems are electronic systems that provide businesses with the capability to retain and analyze a wide variety of inventory and transaction data on a continuous basis. POS systems have been touted as valuable tools for a wide variety of business purposes, including refining target marketing strategies; tracking supplier purchases; determining customer purchasing patterns; analyzing sales (on a daily, monthly, or annual basis) of each inventory item, department, or supplier; and creating reports for use in making purchases, reorders, etc.Basic points of sale systems currently in use include standalone electronic cash registers, also known as ECRs; ECR-based network systems; and controller-based systems. Today, point of sale systems are light years ahead of where they began. Today's POS systems are faster, more secure, and more reliable than their predecessors, and allow retailers to operate every facet of their business with a single, integrated point of sale system. 2. 2 Local Literature Computers began from a wild imaginative idea to the world’s highly prioritized tool.Computers today are now used as a substitute to manual processes and other past inventions like the radio, television, etc. It is now used by people for much simpler, easier and faster way to do things. Some used it as a hobby, and some use it as a job. Technology has never stopped from advancing through the years. Its new innovations helps answer the people’s further complex questions. Why not use these advantages to benefit ourselves? Many people use computers in their daily lives.Some use it for transactions, some use it for educational purposes and others use it for data storage. Though it might sound unnecessary but in some cases when storing a file for such a big company, can you manage it properly? Organizing, finding a file, etc. With computers, it can help you simplify the process of storing and managing the files you need for future use and make finding files easier than the manual process. With our proposed Point of Sales and Inventory System In business like Stone Pro Enterprise , Sales and Inventory system plays an important role.It is used to track all the transactions made by the business and responsible for monitoring the items supplies. All the business transactions must be properly recorded and must be fully secured by password. A Computerized system is the best solution and most innovative answer for their needs. The researchers had been motivated to do a study on this topic according to the above observation. The result may help others to understand more about computer-generated data processing, especially on how to deal with computers in terms of speed, accuracy and data security. 2. Related Studies In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology a re needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The fast growing trend and innovation in technologies today prompts researchers to conduct studies about the efficiency of    system program.This Chapter presents a brief review of literature and studies, both local and foreign that is related to these studies. 2. 4 Foreign Studies 2. 5 Local Studies 2. 6 Synthesis CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter outline the research methodology of this study. The research was conducted in six phases and the research methodology will be discussed under several phases : research design, setting of the study, subject of the study, source data, hardware and software requirements and statistical treatment to be use to come up with an effective proposal. . 1 Research Design The descriptive method of research was used for this study. To define the descriptiv e type of research, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The emphasis is on describing rather than on judging or interpreting. The aim of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present situation in order to elucidate it. The descriptive approach is quick and practical in terms of the financial aspect.Moreover, this method allows a flexible approach, thus, when important new issues and questions arise during the duration of the study, further investigation may be conducted. Descriptive research on the other hand is a type of research that is mainly concerned with describing the nature or condition and the degree in detail of the present situation. This method is used to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular a phenomenon. The aim of descriptive research is to obtain an accurate profile o f the people, events or situations.With this research type, it is essential that the researcher already has a clear view or picture of the phenomena being investigated before the data collection procedure is carried out. The researcher used this kind of research to obtain first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study. The descriptive approach is quick and practical in terms of the financial aspect. 3. 3 Subject of the Study A Point of Sale (POS ) System   is a  system  for managing the sales of retail goods.The term is used to refer to the software and hardware associated with check out stands, and all of the bundled features which are included. Most retailers use a POS  system  at their check stands or counters, and several major manufacturers offer POS systems designed for various types of businesses, ranging from grocery stores to clothing boutiques. Using a POS  system  makes a business much more efficient, lowering the costs of running the business while improving customer service  and making the business more pleasant to work in.In the retail trade, the â€Å"point  of  sale† is the moment when a customer walks up to a counter with goods and prepares to purchase them. A POS  system  handles the transaction, whether it takes the form of an  adding machine  and a hand written receipt pad, or a complex computer system. Except in the case of very small businesses, a current POS  system  usually takes the form of a computer  system. 3. 4 Sources of the Study Our source data is divided into 2 groups, namely the source data based on direct observation and data sources based on indirect observations. . ) Source of data based on direct observation, among others: †¢ Conducting  field studies, it was held at the time we worked at a company engaged in the field of office equipment. †¢ Observation of the market to determine market prices. â € ¢ Discussion fellow colleagues, college friends and group member . 2. ) Source of data based on indirect observations: †¢ Searching  the internet. †¢ Lecture notes †¢ Visual Basic Handbook 3. 5 Procedure of the Study We made our own questionnaire for our study to know the outcome of Point of Sale System.Then we distribute it to our respondents after they answer the question we tallied and get the average of the verbal interpretation. 3. 6 Project Design [pic] [pic] 3. 7 System Flow Chart [pic] Figure 2 System Flowchart 4. 5 System Algorithm Our computerized system allows business owners to track sales, cash flow and item inventory. This system will also calculate the total of all the items that have been purchased. It will ensure not only that the items has been calculated accurately but it will also eliminate the chance of a wrong price being entered.It help retrieved purchase history, item sales detail, stock status reports, monthly, yearly, and seasonal sales data. Also this will prevent theft and also help to maintain a record of what is being sold. This will also help to monitor the employees. It will generate and print professional looking receipts. 3. 9 Hardware and Software Requirements The Point of Sale System by Blue Link Technology is the software which will be used. The operating or the platform that will be going to use is Windows XP, Visual Basic 6. 0 as the front end and Microsoft Access 2007 as the database. Hardware minimum requirements Intel Pentium 3 3. Ghz with 512mb RAM. 600 x 800 screen. 3. 10 Statistical Treatment Database – The united collection of data, usually stored in one computer file in one location, although databases can encompass information from many sources and locations. Discount – reductions to a basic price of goods or services Frequency Count – This is the most straight-forward approach to working with quantitative data. Items are classified according to a particular scheme and an arithmetical count is made of the number of items (or  tokens) within the text which belong to each classification (or  type) in the scheme.Percentage – A  fraction  or  ratio  with 100 as the fixed and understood denominator. Weighted Mean –   is similar to an  arithmetic mean  (the most common type of  average), where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. The notion of weighted mean plays a role in  descriptive statistics  and also occurs in a more general form in several other areas of mathematics. Tender – In business, a term synonymous with payment or type of payment. CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATAIn this chapter states the level of acceptability of the developed system, the significant difference on the perception of the respondents to the developed system, development of the system, program flowchart, program algorithm , program listing, program output and user manual. 4. 1 The level of Acceptability of the developed system |Questions |Cashier |Employee of Stuff the |Weighted Mean |Verbal Interpretation | | | |Bus | | | |1.The point of sales system is easy to handle? |3 |1. 5 |2. 25 |Uncertain | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |2. The computation of the amount price is accurate in |3. 5 |3 |3. 25 |Agree | |the Point of Sale System? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |3. The point of sales System can maximize the |3. 5 |4. |4 |Agree | |productivity of the cashiers work? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |4.The Point of Sales System is used efficiently among |4. 5 |2. 5 |3. 5 |Agree | |various stores? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |5. Do you think Point of Sale System can help to your |5 |2. |3. 75 |Agree | |company? | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |Average Weighted Mean |3. 9 |2. 8 |3. 35 |Agree | Table 3Computation of the level of acceptability of the developed system Question 1 shows that among 20 respondents uncertain that Point of Sale System is easy to handle, because of the weighted mean of 2. 25. Question 2 shows that among 20 respondents with the weighted mean of 3. 25. This simply means that respondents agree that the computation of the amount price is accurate in the Point of Sale System. Question 3 shows that among 20 respondents with the weighted mean of 4. 0. This shows that most of the respondent's agree that the Point of Sale System can maximize the productivity of the cashiers works.Question 4 shows that among 20 respondents with the weighted mean of 3. 5. This shows that the most respondents agree that the Point of Sales System was used efficiently among various stores. Question 5 shows that among 20 respondents with the weighted mean of 3. 75. This shows the most of the respondents agree that the Point of Sale System can help to t heir company. Based on the table most of the respondents agreed because of the average weighted mean of 3. 35 which falls on Agree Verbal Interpretation. 4. 2 The significance Difference of the Perception of the Respondents to the Developed System Respondents DistributionThe population consists of 20 persons where 50% of the respondents are cashiers and the employee of Stone Pro Enterprise. |Respondents |Quality |Percentage | |Cashiers |10 |50% | |Customers |10 |50% | Table 1 Respondent Table Opinion Index The researchers will use questionnaires with the opinion index below to scale the effectiveness of the study of the respondents. Some questions have options and some are needed to be evaluated and answerable by number with corresponding verbal interpretation. ( see table 2 ). Scale |Range |Verbal Interpretation | |5 |4. 01 – 5. 00 |Strongly Agree | |4 |3. 01 – 4. 00 |Agree | |3 |2. 01 – 3. 00 |Uncertain | |2 |1. 01 – 2. 00 |Disagree | |1 |0. 01 – 1. 00 |Strongly Disagree | Table 2 Option Index 4. 3 Development of the System [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] pic] 4. 4 Program Flow Chart [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 4. 5 Program Algorithm Our computerized system allows business owners to track sales, cash flow and item inventory. This system will also calculate the total of all the items that have been purchased. It will ensure not only that the items has been calculated accurately but it will also eliminate the chance of a wrong price being entered. Also this will prevent theft and also help to maintain a record of what is being sold. This will also help to monitor the employees. It will generate and print professional looking receipts. 4. 6 Program Listing A.Member Log In Option Explicit Private Sub cmdClose_Click() If Me. cmdClose. Caption = â€Å"Close† Then Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you realy want to Quit this program? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Qu it†) If reply = vbYes Then End End If Else Unload Me End If End Sub Private Sub cmdOk_Click() Me. AdoUser. Refresh If Me. cmdClose. Caption = â€Å"Close† Then Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Find (â€Å"UserName = ‘† & txtUser. Text & â€Å"‘†) If Me. txtPassword. Text = Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Password†) Then If Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Previledge†) = â€Å"Admin† Then mdiMain. mnuItems. Enabled = True mdiMain. tbMain. Panels(2). Text = Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"UserName†) frmSplash. Show mdiMain. Show End If If Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Previledge†) = â€Å"User† Then mdiMain. mnuItems. Enabled = False mdiMain. mnuUser. Enabled = False mdiMain. mnuCustomers. Enabled = False mdiMain. mnuSuppliers. Enabled = False mdiMain. Toolbar1. Buttons(11). Enabled = False mdiMain. stbMain. Panels(2). Text = Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"UserName†) ‘Unload Me mdiMain. Show End If Unload Me Else MsgBox â€Å"Invalid Password!!! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Invalid Password† Me. txtPassword. SetFocus Me. txtPassword = â€Å"† End If End IfEnd Sub Private Sub Form_Load() On Error Resume Next Call SQLDB(AdoUser, â€Å"Select * from UserAccount†) AdoUser. Refresh txtUser. Text = â€Å"Admin† End Sub Private Sub txtPassword_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = 13 Then cmdOk_Click ‘cmdAccess_Click End If End Sub Private Sub txtUser_Click(Area As Integer) On Error Resume Next Dim temp Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Find (â€Å"UserName = ‘† & txtUser. Text & â€Å"‘†) temp = Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(1) End Sub B. Main Page Private Sub MDIForm_Load() ‘With stbMain ‘ensures all panels are visible upon loading DE. Connection1. ConnectionString = â€Å"Provider=Microsoft. Jet. OLEDB. 4. ;Data Source=† & App. Path & â€Å"DBStonePro. mdb;Persist Security Info= False;Jet OLEDB:Database Password= † mdiMain. Width = 15360 End Sub Private Sub MDIForm_Unload(Cancel As Integer) Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you want to Quit this program? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Quit†) If reply = vbYes Then End End If error: Cancel = -1 End Sub Private Sub mnuAbout_Click() frmAbout. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuBD_Click() frmDatabase. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuCustomers_Click() frmCustomers. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnufind_Click() frmfind. Show 1 End Sub Private Sub mnuGp_Click() frmGroup. Show vbModal End SubPrivate Sub mnuItems_Click() frmFItems. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuLogOff_Click() Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you really want to LogOff? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Log-Off†) If reply = vbYes Then ‘frmLogin. cmdClose. Caption = â€Å"Cancel† frmLogin. Show vbModal End If End Sub Private Sub mnuNewSales_Click() ‘On Error Resume Next Cal l SQLDB1(frmNewSales. AdoSales, â€Å"Select * from Sales†) Call SQLDB2(frmNewSales. adoCustomer, â€Å"Select * from Customer order by CustomerNumber†) If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 0 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 9 Then frmNewSales. xtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"00000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 9 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 99 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"0000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 99 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 999 And frmNewSales.AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 9999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"00† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 9999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 99999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"0† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 99999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 999999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If frmNewSales. xtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtTotalCost. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtDeliverySatus. Text = â€Å"Undelivered† frmNewSales. dtDate. Value = date frmNewSales. DTDelivery = date frmNewSales. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuOrder_Click() frmOrders. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuOrder2_Click() frmOrders. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuQuit_Cl ick() Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you want to Quit this program? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Quit†) If reply = vbYes Then End End If End Sub Private Sub mnuROP_Click() Set ReOrder. DataSource = frmReProd. Adodc1.Recordset ReOrder. Refresh ReOrder. Show End Sub Private Sub mnuRDelivered_Click() frmDelivered. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRItems_Click() frmFItems. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRP_Click() frmReProd. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRPR_Click() frmReProd. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRSales_Click() frmSalesReport. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRSupplier_Click() frmSupplier. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRUndelivered_Click() frmUndelivered. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuSuppliers_Click() frmSupplier. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuTips_Click() frmTips. Show vbModal End SubPrivate Sub mnuUpdateSales_Click() frmUpdateBalance. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuUser_Click() frmUser. Show vbModal En d Sub Private Sub Toolbar1_ButtonClick(ByVal Button As MSComctlLib. Button) Select Case Button. Index Case 3: Call mnufind_Click Case 5: PopupMenu mnuTransaction, , Button. Left, (Button. Top + Button. Height) Case 7: PopupMenu mnuReport, , Button. Left, (Button. Top + Button. Height) Case 9: PopupMenu mnuAccount, , Button. Left, (Button. Top + Button. Height) Case 11: PopupMenu mnuHelp, , Button. Left, (Button. Top + Button. Height) Case 13: Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you want to Quit this program? , vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Quit†) If reply = vbYes Then End End If error: Cancel = -1 End Select End Sub C. Transaction Page Private Sub cmdAdd_Click() Grid_DblClick cmdEditItems. Enabled = True cmdRemove. Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub cmdCalculator_Click() Shell â€Å"calc. exe†, vbMaximizedFocus End Sub Private Sub cmdClose_Click() Call SQLDB1(AdoSales, â€Å"Select * from Sales†) Me. AdoSales. Refresh If Val(Me. txtTotalCost. Text) = 0 Then Unload Me Else If Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"Please complete data before closing. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Information† Else With Me. AdoSales .Refresh .Recordset.AddNew .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"SalesNumber†) = Me. txtSalesNumber. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerNumber†) = Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerName†) = Me. txtCustomerName. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Datepurchased†) = Me. dtDate. Value .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"DeliveryDate†) = Me. DTDelivery. Value .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"DeliveryStatus†) = Me. txtDeliverySatus. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalCost†) = Me. txtTotalCost. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"total†) = Me. Text3. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Discount†) = Me. Text2. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"AmountPaid†) = Me. txtAmountPaid. Text .Recordset.Fields(â€Å"Balance†) = Me. txtBalance. Text .Records et. Update .Refresh Unload Me End With End If End If End Sub Private Sub cmdEditItems_Click() Me. AdoItems. Refresh Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Find (â€Å"ItemNumber = ‘† & Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemNumber†) & â€Å"‘†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(0). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"SalesNumber†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(1). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Date†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(2). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemNumber†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(3). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemName†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(4).Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Qty†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(5). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"UnitPrice†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(6). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalPrice†) frmEditItems. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub cmdNew_Click() ‘On Error Resume Next cmdEditItems. Enabled = False cmdRemove. Enabled = False Call SQLDB1(AdoSales, â€Å"Select * from Sales†) Me. AdoSales. Refresh If Val(Me. txtTotalCost. Text) = 0 Then Else If Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"Please complete data before closing. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Information† Else With Me. AdoSales .Refresh .Recordset.AddNew .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"SalesNumber†) = Me. txtSalesNumber. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerNumber†) = Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerName†) = Me. txtCustomerName. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Datepurchased†) = Me. dtDate. Value .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"DeliveryDate†) = Me. DTDelivery. Value .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"DeliveryStatus†) = Me. txtDeliverySatus. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalCost†) = Me. txtTotalCost. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"AmountPaid†) = Me. txtAmountPaid. Text .Recordset. F ields(â€Å"Discount†) = Me. Text2. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Balance†) = Me. txtBalance. Text .Recordset.Fields(â€Å"total†) = Me. Text3. Text .Recordset. Update .Refresh Me. txtCustomerName. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerNumber. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Call SQLDB1(frmNewSales. AdoSales, â€Å"Select * from Sales†) Call SQLDB2(frmNewSales. adoCustomer, â€Å"Select * from Customer order by CustomerName†) If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 0 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 9 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"00000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales.AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 9 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 99 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"0000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Re cordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 99 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 9999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"00† & frmNewSales.AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 9999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 99999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"0† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 99999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount > 999999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If frmNewSales. txtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNew Sales. txtBalance. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtTotalCost. Text = â€Å"0. 00† rmNewSales. Text3. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtDeliverySatus. Text = â€Å"Undelivered† frmNewSales. dtDate. Value = date frmNewSales. DTDelivery = date Me. cmdNew. Enabled = False Me. cmdNewCustomer. Enabled = True Me. cmdPayment. Enabled = False Me. cmdReciept. Enabled = False Me. cmdEditItems. Enabled = False Me. cmdRemove. Enabled = False Call SQLDB3(AdoItems, â€Å"Select * from Items where RemainingQty ; 0†) Call SQLDB(AdoSalesInfo, â€Å"Select * from SalesInfo where SalesNumber='† & Me. txtSalesNumber. Text & â€Å"‘†) AdoSalesInfo. Refresh AdoItems. Refresh ‘Me. cmdNew. Enabled = True Set Grid2. DataSource = AdoSalesInfoGrid2. Columns(1). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(5). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Grid2. Columns(6). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Set Grid. DataSource = AdoItems Grid. Columns(0). Visible = False Grid. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid. Columns(5). Visible = False Grid. Columns(6). Visible = True Me. txtCustomerName. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerName. Locked = False lblChange. Caption = â€Å"0. 00† Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Me. txtCustomerName. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerNumber. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"†Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtAmountPaid. Visible = True ‘Unload Me End With End If End If End Sub Private Sub cmdNewCustomer_Click() With frmNewCustomer If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 0 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 9 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = â€Å"00000† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 9 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 99 Then . txtinfo(0 ). Text = â€Å"0000† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 99 And Me. doCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 999 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = â€Å"000† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 999 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 9999 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = â€Å"00† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 9999 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 99999 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = â€Å"0† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 99999 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset.RecordCount > 999999 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If .Show vbModal End With End Sub Private Sub cmdPayment_Click() If Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. RecordCount = 0 Then MsgBox â€Å"You cannot proc eed to payment because there is no item in your sales item list!!! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Error† Else frmPayment. txtBalance. Text = Me. txtBalance. Text frmPayment. Text3. Text = Me. txtTotalCost. Text frmPayment. txtChange. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmPayment. txtPayment. Text = â€Å"0† frmPayment. Show vbModal End If End Sub Private Sub cmdReciept_Click() If Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset.RecordCount = 0 Then MsgBox â€Å"There is no item!!! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"StonePro System† Else If Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Or Me. txtDeliverySatus. Text = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"Please supply personal data before you view the receipt. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Information† Else Set RptReceipt. DataSource = Me. AdoSalesInfo RptReceipt. Refresh RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblSalesNumber†). Caption = frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). C ontrols(â€Å"lblTotalCost†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. Text3. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblCustomerNumber†).Caption = frmNewSales. txtCustomerNumber. Text RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblCustomerName†). Caption = frmNewSales. txtCustomerName. Text RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblDatePurchased†). Caption = frmNewSales. dtDate. Value RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblDeliveryDate†). Caption = frmNewSales. DTDelivery. Value RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblDis†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. Text2. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblAmountPaid†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. txtPayment. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) RptReceipt.Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblBala nce†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblChange†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. lblChange. Caption, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) cmdNew. Enabled = True RptReceipt. Show 1 End If End If End Sub Private Sub cmdRemove_Click() Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Are you sure you want to remove this item to sales list? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirmation to Remove†) If reply = vbYes Then frmNewSales. AdoItems. Refresh Call SQLDB3(AdoItems, â€Å"Select * from Items†) frmNewSales. AdoItems. Recordset. Find (â€Å"ItemNumber= ‘† & Me. AdoSalesInfo.Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemNumber†) & â€Å"‘†) frmNewSales. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"RemainingQty†) = Val(frmNewSales. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"RemainingQty†)) + Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Qty†) frmNewSales. AdoItems. Record set. Update frmNewSales. AdoItems. Refresh frmNewSales. txtTotalCost. Text = Format(Val(frmNewSales. txtTotalCost. Text) – Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalPrice†), â€Å"##0. 00†) frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text) – Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalPrice†), â€Å"##0. 00†) frmNewSales. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Delete frmNewSales.AdoSalesInfo. Refresh Call SQLDB3(AdoItems, â€Å"Select * from Items where RemainingQty ; 0†) Call SQLDB(AdoSalesInfo, â€Å"Select * from SalesInfo where SalesNumber='† & Me. txtSalesNumber. Text & â€Å"‘†) AdoSalesInfo. Refresh AdoItems. Refresh ‘Me. cmdNew. Enabled = True Set Grid2. DataSource = AdoSalesInfo Grid2. Columns(1). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(5). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Grid2. Columns(6). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Set Grid. DataSource = Ad oItems Grid. Columns(0). Visible = False Grid. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid. Columns(5). Visible = False If Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset.RecordCount = 0 Then Me. cmdEditItems. Enabled = False Me. cmdRemove. Enabled = False Me. cmdPayment. Enabled = False End If Else End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() ‘On Error Resume Next Call SQLDB3(AdoItems, â€Å"Select * from Items where RemainingQty ; 0†) Call SQLDB(AdoSalesInfo, â€Å"Select * from SalesInfo where SalesNumber='† & Me. txtSalesNumber. Text & â€Å"‘†) Call SQLDB2(frmNewSales. adoCustomer, â€Å"Select * from Customer Order by CustomerName†) adoCustomer. Refresh AdoSalesInfo. Refresh AdoItems. Refresh ‘Me. cmdNew. Enabled = True Set Grid2. DataSource = AdoSalesInfo Grid2. Columns(1). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(2).Visible = False Grid2. Columns(5). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Grid2. Columns(6). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Set Grid. DataSource = AdoItems Gr id. Columns(0). Visible = False Grid. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid. Columns(5). Visible = False Grid. Columns(6). Visible = True Grid2. Refresh ‘Call setgrid ‘Call settext ‘Call setgrid ‘lblTotal. Caption = â€Å"Total Number of Records: † & Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. RecordCount End Sub Private Sub setgrid() Set Me. Grid2. DataSource = Me. AdoSalesInfo Grid. Columns(0). Visible = False Grid. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid. Columns(3). Visible = False Grid. Columns(4). Visible = FalseGrid. Columns(5). Visible = False Grid. Columns(6). Visible = True End Sub Private Sub Grid_DblClick() With frmSalesConfirm .txtinfo(0). Text = Me. txtSalesNumber. Text .txtinfo(1). Text = Me. dtDate. Value .txtinfo(2). Text = Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemNumber†) . txtinfo(3). Text = Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemName†) . txtinfo(4). Text = â€Å"0† .txtinfo(5). Text = Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"UnitPriceâ € ) . txtinfo(6). Text = â€Å"0. 00† If Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Unit†) = â€Å"Kilo† Then .Label5. Caption = â€Å"Quantity† End If .Show vbModal End With End Sub Private Sub lvButtons_H3_Click()Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Text1_Change() On Error Resume Next Me. AdoItems. Refresh Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Filter = â€Å"ItemName LIKE ‘† & LCase(Me. Text1. Text) & â€Å"*'† ‘Call settext ‘Call setgrid If Me. Text1. Text = â€Å"† Then Me. AdoItems. Refresh ‘setgrid End If End Sub Private Sub txtAmountPaid_Change() ‘If Val(Me. txtAmountPaid. Text) < Val(Me. txtTotalCost. Text) Then ‘MsgBox â€Å"Amount paid is lower than its total cost. â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Stone Pro System† ‘Me. txtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† ‘Else ‘Me. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtTotalCost. Text) – Val(Me. txtAmountPaid. Text), â€Å"##0. 00†) â €˜End If End SubPrivate Sub txtAmountPaid_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = 8 Then Exit Sub End If If KeyAscii = 46 Then Exit Sub End If If KeyAscii < 48 Or KeyAscii > 57 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub txtCustomerName_Change() On Error Resume Next Me. adoCustomer. Refresh Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. Find (â€Å"CustomerName = ‘† & Me. txtCustomerName. Text & â€Å"‘†) Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text = Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerNumber†) End Sub Private Sub txtCustomerNumber_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) KeyAscii = False End Sub Private Sub txtDeliverySatus_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) KeyAscii = False End SubConfirm Transaction Private Sub Check1_Click() If Check1. Value = 1 Then Me. Text2. Text = Format(Val(Me. Text3. Text * 0. 1), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. Text1. Text = Format(Me. Text2. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Exit Sub End If If Check1. Value = 0 Then Me. Text1. Text = â€Å"0. 00† â⠂¬ËœMe. Text1. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtPayment. Text) – Val(Me. Text2. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Exit Sub End If End Sub Private Sub cmdClose_Click() frmNewSales. lblChange. Caption = Me. Text4. Text frmNewSales. Text2. Text = Me. Text1. Text Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdOk_Click() Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Are you sure of this payment?. Payment can be done only once in this transaction. , vbQuestion + vbYesNo, â€Å"Confirmation†) If reply = vbYes Then If Val(Me. txtPayment) ; Val(frmNewSales. txtTotalCost) Then Me. txtBalance. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Me. cmdOk. Enabled = False frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtPayment. Text = Val(Me. txtPayment) Me. Text4. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtPayment) – Val(Text3. Text) + Val(Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) frmNewSales. txtAmountPaid. Visible = False frmNewSales. cmdReciept. Enabled = True frmNewSales. cmdPayment. Enabled = False frmNewSales. cmdEditItems. Enabl ed = False frmNewSales. cmdRemove. Enabled = False frmNewSales. Text3. Text = Format(Val(Text3.Text) – Val(Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. Text1. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Else Me. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtPayment) – Val(Me. Text3. Text) – Val(Me. Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. txtChange. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Me. cmdOk. Enabled = False frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtPayment) – Val(Me. Text3. Text) – Val(Me. Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(Me. Text3) – Val(Me. txtPayment. Text) – Val(Me. Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) frmNewSales. lblChange. Caption = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtAmountPaid. Text = Val(Me. txtPayment) frmNewSales. txtPayment. Text = Val(Me. xtPayment) frmNewSales. cmdReciept. Enabled = True frmNewSales. cmdPayment. Enabled = False frmNewSales. cmdEditItems. Enabled = False frmNewSales. cmdRemove . Enabled = False frmNewSales. Text3. Text = Format(Val(Text3. Text) – Val(Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) ‘Me. Text1. Text = Format((frmNewSales. Text3. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) frmNewSales. Text2. Text = Me. Text1. Text End If Else End If If Check1. Value = 1 Then Me. Text2. Text = Format(Val(Me. Text3. Text * 0. 1), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. Text1. Text = Format(Me. Text2. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Exit Sub End If If Check1. Value = 0 Then frmNewSales. Text2. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Me. Text1.Text = â€Å"0. 00† Exit Sub End If End Sub Private Sub txtPayment_Change() If Check1. Value = 1 Then Me. Text2. Text = Format(Val(Me. Text3. Text * 0. 1), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. Text1. Text = Format(Me. Text2. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Exit Sub End If If Check1. Value = 0 Then Me. Text1. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Exit Sub End If End Sub 4. 7 Program Output [pic] 4. 8 User Manual Title: Automated Sales and Inventory System of Stone Pro Enterprise Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1. 1 System Requirements 1. 1. 1 Hardware 1. 1. 1. 1 Desktop 1. 1. 1. 2 Display 1. 1. 1. 3 Cash Drawer 1. 1. 1. 4 Receipt Printer 1. 1. 2 Software 1. 2 Convention 2. Getting Started . 1 Member Log in 2. 2 Performing Transaction 3. Software Features 4. Message Boxes 5. User Interface Parts, Text boxes and Buttons 1. Introduction Most Large retail stores have migrated from the old trusty cash register to more modern computerized point of sale (POS) systems. This application Guide explores computerized POS technology and provides a roadmap for Stone Pro Enterprise. 1. 1 System Requirements 1. 1. 1 Hardware If you are a computer user, you're no doubt familiar with the most common desktop peripherals – the keyboard, mouse. Blue Link Technology systems are based on ordinary desktop computer and operating system . 1. 1. 1. Desktop Desktop with larger but quieter fans to minimize heat and noise. Heavy duty power supply that last longer th an the standard items. Hard drive doesn't have to be in large capacity but it has to be reliable. We also want to ensure that you're using good surge protector and UPS ( battery backup) to prevent power related crashes. 1. 1. 1. 2. Display At the very least, you'll need a basic  monitor  at your POS to see what you're doing. Touch screens  have become a more popular and affordable option these days since they are a user friendly option that can help speed up the checkout process.Adding customer-facing  and  pole displays  will offer a clearer customer experience and are a great way to promote special offers to customers while they are in line. 1. 1. 1. 3. Cash Drawer They may be the simplest peripheral in a POS system, but  cash drawers  are still an essential part of your system. You need to have a secure place to keep cash, checks 1. 1. 1. 4. Receipt Printer Every transaction ends with a receipt for the customer straight from a  receipt printer. Having a printer go down is one of the most crippling things to any POS system. Making sure you have a printer that'll support your print volume and is easy to use is essential.Most printers are thermal based so you don't even have to deal with ribbon cartridges anymore. Just load the paper and you are back up and running! Whatever your receipt size or type requirements are, there's a printer to fit your needs. There are numerous types of receipt printers, categorized – like any other computer printer – by its printing technology and its computer interface. 1. 1. 2. Software The  POS software  by Blue Link Technology is the brains of Stone Pro Enterprise POS system. 1. 2 Convention Double Click : Refer to user action Log in Window : Refer to user interfaceLog in Button: Refer to object Enter Key: Refer to Keyboard key 2. 0 Getting Started I. Daily Start-Up 1. Turn the Computer ON – Press the â€Å"ON/OFF† button. (On top of the computer for Stone Pro Enterprise. ) WAI T. It will take a few moments but eventually Stone Pro Enterprise System and an Address Lookup application will automatically start up. A desktop with icons will appear including [pic] A â€Å"Login† screen will appear: [pic] 2. Sign on to the System a) When the Security Login screen appears, User ID = (ask for an access code to the admin assign ) unless you have been assigned something else.Password = the password you selected. It will NOT appear for security reasons. ENTER b) The Main Desktop will appear [pic] II. Start of Shift A. Cash Register Processing. 1. Press the Transaction Menu button. 2. Select TRANSACTION then NEW SALE. [pic] ( You are now ready to perform Cash Register Operations. ) III. End of Shift A. Clerk Out Start at the â€Å"Transaction† screen. Press â€Å"CLOSE† to Exit from the Transaction Screen. IV. End of Day In the evening you will need to: 1. Leave the cash drawer open. 2. Close Stone Pro Enterprise System Main Page 3. Exit Stone Pro Enterprise System. 4.Turn off the computer. After you finish the â€Å"End of Shift† procedure, complete the following: A. Log Off of Stone Pro Enterprise System 1. At the main Stone Pro Enterprise System desktop B. Shut Down the Computer 1. Select the Start button in the lower left hand corner. 2. Select Shut Down†¦ from the list. A â€Å"Shut Down Windows† window will appear. 3. Select Shut Down from the drop down list. The monitor will go black and say ‘No Sync’ for a bit. CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION In this chapter states the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation. 4. 1 Summary of FindingsPoint of Sale System for Stone Pro Enterprise aims to develop an expert system that would enable the emergence of Point of Sale and maximize the capabilities. It shows how efficient accurate and well function, the point of sale compared to manual registry. 4. 2 Conclusion We conclude that the research has shown that the study c an be useful for the company Stone Pro Enterprise. In this study considering all the factors affecting. 4. 3 Recommendation The Researchers recommend this Point of Sale System of Stone Pro Enterprise to be used in interested establishment in improving and helping people retail their products. BIBLIOGRAPHY